3/11/2023 0 Comments Elucidate endeavors![]() Figure 3.1 shows one of the best new theoretical efforts in this direction. We cannot yet predict microstructures accurately, but much progress has been made in the last decade. The speed at which the dendrites grow and the regularity and spacing of their side branches determine the observed microstructure, which in turn governs many of the properties of the solidified material such as its mechanical strength and its response to heating and deformation. Each grain is formed by a dendritic mechanism in which a crystal of the primary composition grows out rapidly in a cascade of branches and side branches, leaving solute-rich melt to solidify more slowly in the interstices. The interior of a grain of a freshly solidified alloy, when viewed under a microscope, often looks like a collection of overly ambitious snowflakes. Predicting and controlling these processes with the precision that will be needed for applications requires fundamental understanding of the nonequilibrium phenomena underlying them and is a challenge for physicists.įor example, snowflakes form by a branching process that is called “dendritic crystal growth.” Research in this area has been driven not only by our natural curiosity about snow-flakes, but also by the need to understand and control metallurgical microstructures. The processes that are used to produce industrial materials-casting alloys for jet engines or fabricating microscopically small features of computer chips-are all exercises in what we call “nonequilibrium physics,” the study of systems that are changing their shapes or properties as we exert forces on them, freeze them, or otherwise disturb their states of equilibrium. Technological advances provide tools such as synchrotrons, neutron sources, electron microscopes, high magnetic field facilities, COMPUTERS, and For example, with new fundamental understanding of NONEQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA, we may soon see a qualitative improvement in our ability to predict and control complex properties of the structural materials used to manufacture everything from airplanes and bridges to electronic devices. At the same time, technological problems raise questions that demand new fundamental insights. Advances in basic research inspire new ideas for applications, and application-driven technological advances provide tools that enable new fundamental investigations. Hardly any other field of science so seamlessly spans the whole range between the most basic research and the most applied. The outreach to biology and the study of biological materials are now beginning in a serious way. They are reaching out to researchers in the earth and atmospheric sciences because they share interests in topics such as friction, fracture, and fluid flow. They investigate the properties of glasses, polymeric materials, granular materials, and composites in which diverse constituents are combined to produce entirely new substances with novel properties. Scientists in this field have long-standing interests in essentially all aspects of magnetism and magnetic materials. High-temperature superconductivity was discovered by condensed-matter physicists, as were the fascinating low-temperature states of superfluid helium. What is “condensed-matter and materials physics”? Fifty years ago, the transistor emerged from this area of physics. Once again, the capitalized words in the main text link to sidebars that provide more information on a few selected topics. We turn now to a closely related topic, the fundamental scientific challenges of research in this field. This is certainly obvious for homonyms: words which are spelled and/or pronounced the same way, but have different definitions.The brief story told in Part 2 illustrates how much the world has changed in recent years and the enabling role that condensed-matter and materials physics is playing in modern technology. The way that language is learned is heavily derived via context clues. ![]() The key to understanding what individual words mean often can be found in the terms around the target term. What's Special About Example Sentences of 'Elucidate'? This is especially true when idioms are used routinely in everyday writing. It is important for non-native speakers of a language to gain familiarity with idioms, so that they are not confused. It is also difficult to ascertain the meaning of idiom phrases since they can only be learned within the language you’re attempting to learn. Instead, it is an expression illustrating the severity of the rain. Example: It’s raining cats and dogs today in the English language does not literally mean it’s raining dogs and cats from the sky. In most cases, idiom phrases are language-specific and cannot be simply translated and used in another language without the context and meaning being distorted. Idioms are clauses whose definition is not constructed from the literal expression. ![]()
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